Tools and Exploration
Read the illustrated and animated story about the tools used by physicists to investigate Nature.

Read the illustrated and animated story about the tools used by physicists to investigate Nature. Experimental physicists work in laboratories equipped with facilities and detectors. Mathematics has always been the primary tool of the theoretical physicist.

Nobel Posters
Illustrated presentations of Nobel Prizes in Physics.

1988
The neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino by Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger.

1989
The invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks by Norman F. Ramsey, and the development of the ion trap technique by Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul.

1990
The pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics by Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, and Richard E. Taylor.

1991
The discovery that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers by Pierre-Gilles de Gennes.

1992
The invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber by Georges Charpak.

1993
The discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation by Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.

1994
The development of neutron spectroscopy by Bertram N. Brockhouse and the development of the neutron diffraction technique by Clifford G. Shull.

1995
The pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics by Martin L. Perl and the detection of the neutrino by Frederick Reines.

1996
The discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 by David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson.

1997
The development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light by Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips.

1998
The discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations by Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, and Daniel C. Tsui.

1999
Elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics by Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J. G. Veltman.

2000
Basic work on information and communication technology. Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer's work in developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics and Jack S. Kilby's invention of the integrated circuit.

What happens in the tiny chip?

The Chip-All integrated circuits or chips are basically composed of millions of transistors, arranged in various ways to accomplish different tasks... You have two minutes to try to stop the bomb from exploding. Go!